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Journal of Case Reports
Squamous Cell Carcinoma Endometrium
Jacob KJ, Deepak AV, Saleema Paduppingal
Department  of  Obstetrics  and  Gynaecology,  Government Medical College,  Thrissur,  Kerala,  India.
Corresponding Author:
Dr. Saleema Paduppingal
Email: saleema333@gmail.com
Received: 16-SEP-2015 Accepted: 21-JAN-2016 Published Online: 15-FEB-2016
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17659/01.2016.0018
Abstract
Introduction:  Primary  squamous  cell  carcinoma  endometrium  is  rare  entity with  only  less  than hundred  cases reported  till  date.  Case Report:  51  year  old  postmenopausal  lady  presented with  bleeding  per-vaginum  for  one  month,  and  dyspnea  of  recent  onset.  The case was diagnosed  as advanced  squamous  cell  carcinoma  endometrium.  Conclusion:  Primary  endometrial squamous  cell  carcinoma   is aggressive tumor with high mortality  rate  and a  final  treatment  recommendation is  yet to be  formed.
Keywords : Carcinoma, Dyspnea, Endometrial Neoplasms, Female, Postmenopause.
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Introduction

Primary endometrial squamous cell carcinoma  is a  rare entity.  Usually squamous differentiation occurs in endometrioid  type  of  carcinoma.  Less  than  100  cases  of  primary endometrial squamous cell  carcinoma  have  been  documented  in  literature.  Frequency of squamous cell carcinoma is reported as 0.7% of endometrial carcinomas [1].

Case Report

Fifty  one  year  old  post-menopausal  lady  presented  with  a  history  of  discharge  per  vaginum  for six  months,  for  which  no  medical  consultation  was taken.  The discharge  was  foul smelling, yellowish  pus  like  material.  Bleeding  per  vaginum  which  was  irregular and scanty   lasted  for  around  one  month.  Initially  she  considered  it  as  delayed  periods  as  she  attained  menopause  only  recently  (menopause  less than one year).  She  consulted  a  gynecologist when  she  had  a  feeling  of  mass  abdomen.  She  also  had  cough  and  dyspnea  of  recent  onset  at  the  time  of  admission.  This was not associated with fever or expectoration. There was history of weight loss and loss  of  appetite.  No history of hematuria, urinary retention, constipation, bowel disturbances, severe abdominal  pain  or  vomiting was elicited.

    General physical examination revealed pallor with normal vitals.  Per  abdomen  a  mass  of  fourteen  week  gravid  uterus  was palpable  which  was  hard  in  consistency  with  smooth  and  regular  borders  and  non-palpable lower bladder.  Per  vaginal  examination  revealed  an  ectocervix  which  was  normal  in  appearance  and  consistency.  A  bimanual  pelvic  examination  showed  fourteen  to sixteen  week  size  gravid  uterus.    No  adnexal  mass,  deposits  in  pouch  of  Douglas or palpable  lymph  nodes were noted.  Chest examination showed bilateral coarse  crepitations.

    Ultrasonography  of  abdomen  and  pelvis  showed  an  echogenic  mass  filling  the  uterus  with   minimal  pyometra [Fig.1].  CT  scan    showed  a  uterine  mass   arising  from  uterine endometrium  and  multiple  enlarged  pelvic  and  para-aortic  lymph  nodes  which  had  same  echogenicity  as  the  uterine  lesion. Mantoux  test  was  negative  and  ESR  was normal. A pap smear was taken  which  was  negative  for  intraepithelial malignancy.  A  differential  diagnosis  of  uterine  sarcoma  or  carcinoma  endometrium  was  given.  Her chest X-ray  showed  multiple  cannon  ball  lesions bilaterally [Fig.2].  A fractional  curettage  of  the endocervix  and  endometrium  were  done.  The endocervical curetting’s  were  normal  in histopathological  examination.  But  histopathological  examination  of  endometrial  curettings  revealed  squamous  cell  carcinoma  keratinising  type  endometrium.  Primary  surgery  was  not  done  in  view  of  the  extensive  secondaries  in  the  lung.  After  discussing with  the  radiotherapy  department  we  planned  for  a  palliative  chemoradiation  to  alleviate  her symptoms.  Other  supportive  measures  were  also  given.  But  patient  died  within  three  months  of treatment  due  to  respiratory  insufficiency. 

                                                                                                                    
Discussion

Diagnosis of  primary  squamous  cell  endometrial carcinoma requires exclusion of cervical  squamous carcinoma extension and squamous cell  differentiation of  endometrioid  type  of  carcinoma  endometrium. In this case cervix was normal clinically with negative pap smear. Pathologist confirmed primary endometrial squamous cell  carcinoma with no evidence of endometrioid  adenocarcinoma  in the  specimen.

    A  differential  diagnosis  of  tuberculosis  was  considered  due  to  multiple  cannon  ball  lesions  in  the  lung and  recent  symptom  of  cough  with  dyspnoea.  But Mantoux  test  was  negative  and  ESR  was  normal.  Other  differential  diagnosis  which needed  exclusion  were  uterine  sarcoma  and  pulmonary leiomyomata  secondary  to  benign  metastasizing  uterine  leiomyomata.    These were excluded  after histopathological  examination.  Thus, diagnosis  of  primary endometrial squamous  cell  carcinoma  was  made.

    The  presence  of  squamous  epithelium  in  the  endometrium  is  variously  termed  as  icthyosis  uteri  (condition  in  which  endometrium  is  replaced  by  keratinised  squamous  epithelium) [2].   Invasive  squamous  cell  carcinoma  endometrium  is  very  rare  and  is  thought  to  arise by  one  of  the  two  mechanisms:  upward  spread  of  primary  cervical  lesion  or  transformation  of  reserve  or  stem  cells  positioned  between  glandular  basement  membrane  and  endometrial  columnar epithelium.  Invasive  squamous  cell  carcinoma  as  a  result  of  upward  spread  from  cervix  is unlikely  here  as  cervix  is  normal.  A final diagnosis of  primary  squamous  cell carcinoma  endometrium  was  made.

    The  immunohistochemical  study  of  endometrium  sample  obtained  from  dilatation  &  curettage  of uterus  will  be  beneficial  to  the  understanding  of  the  clinicopathologic features  of  endometrial  carcinoma  before  operation.  According  to  Yao  YY  et al.  and  Alvarez  T  et al.  the  value  of  estimating the  prognosis  using  the  expressions  of  ER  (oestrogen receptor),  PTEN,  P53  and  Ki-67  was negative  except  for  expressions  of  PR  (progestin receptor)  [3].  Squamous  cell  carcinoma endometrium  often  show  WT-1,  cyclin D1  amplification,  HER-2  over  expression  and/or amplification  [4]. Endometrial squamous cell  carcinoma  usually  occurs  in  postmenopausal  women.  In  contrast  to type-1  endometrial  adenocarcinoma,  primary  squamous  cell  carcinoma  endometrium  is  not hormonally  sensitive  suggesting  a  unique  pathogenesis  [5].  There  is  strong  association  with  cervical  stenosis,  pyometra,  chronic  inflammation,  nulliparity.  Our case was 51 year old  postmenopausal  lady  with  history  of   one  caesarian  section  and had  minimal  pyometra.

    In  endometrial  carcinoma  presence  of  a  malignant  squamous  cell  component  worsens  the prognosis.  In endometrial squamous  cell  carcinoma,   survival rate was 80% with  stage  1,  20%  with  stage  3  and  none  with  stage  4.  No final treatment recommendation has been given so  far.  Therapy usually consist of  hysterectomy  plus  adenexectomy  and  radiotherapy.  In  our case  as  there  was  extensive  pelvic  and  paraaortic  lymph  node  involvement,  multiple  cannon  ball lesions  in  chest and  treatment  was decided  as  palliative  radiation.  

Conclusion             

Endometrial squamous cell carcinoma is  rare and  aggressive  malignancy  seen in postmenopausal women. Mortality is often high due to delayed diagnosis.

References
  1. Terada T, Tateoka K.  Primary  pure  squamous  cell  carcinoma:  a  case  report. Int J Clin  Exp  Pathol.  2013;6(5):990-993.                                                                                                                           
  2. Bagga PK, Jaswal TS,  Dutta U,  Mahajan NC.  Primary  endometrial squamous  cell  carcinoma  with  extensive  squamous  metaplasia  and  dysplasia.  Indian Journal of  Pathology  and  Microbiology. 2008;51(2):267-268.
  3. Yao  YY,  Xu  WZ,  Wang  Y,  Shan  DH,  Wang  TL,  Wei  LH.  Relationship  between  the  molecular  biomarkers  and  clinicopathologic  features  and  prognosis  in  endometrial  carcinoma. Bejing  Da  Xue  Xue  Bao.  2011;43(5):743-748.                                                                                                 
  4. Alvarez  T,  Miller  E,  Duska  L, Oliva  E.  Molecular  profile  of  grade  3  endometrial  carcinoma -  is  it  a  type  1  or  type  2  endometrial  carcinoma? Am  J  Surg  Pathol. 2012;36(5):753-761.
  5. Bures  N,  Nelson  G,  Duan  Q,  Maglicocco  A,  Demtrick  D,  Duggan  MA.  Primary  squamous  cell  carcinoma  endometrim:  clinicopathologic  and  molecular  characteristics    Int  J  Gynecol  Pathol.  2013:32(6):566-575.                                                                                         
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KJ Jacob, AV Deepak, Paduppingal SSquamous Cell Carcinoma Endometrium.JCR 2016;6:73-76
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KJ Jacob, AV Deepak, Paduppingal SSquamous Cell Carcinoma Endometrium.JCR [serial online] 2016[cited 2024 Apr 20];6:73-76. Available from: http://www.casereports.in/articles/6/1/Squamous-Cell-Carcinoma-Endometrium.html
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