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Introduction

Cleft lip and palate are disfiguring and cause great psychological trauma to family and child. It is a congenital malformation with an overall prevalence rate of 2.0/1000 live births. For centuries, surgeons have recognized the challenges; the main obstacles to the lip repair being the protruding premaxilla and the deficient or absent columella making the nose tip flat [1]. In BCLP cases with protruded pre-maxilla, palatal movement through an intervention called pre-surgical infant maxillary orthopedics can be done which is an adjunctive neonatal therapy for the correction of BCLP [2,3]. McNeil (1950) popularized early maxillary orthopedics in CLP [4]. Georgiade and Latham described an intraoral fixed appliance with a palatal expansion component and a pin placed into the premaxilla for premaxillary retraction. The premaxilla is retracted by elastic chains attached to a pin placed through the premaxilla just anterior to the premaxillovomeral suture [5]. Later in 1990 Millard and Latham modified appliance with 4 intermaxillary pins, one pin of transmaxillary anchorage and an expansion mechanism in the palatal processes activated through elastomeric chains [6]. Later many modifications of PNAM appliances were developed and these were broadly grouped under active, semi-active and passive depending on force exerted by appliance on alveolar segments. The appliance to be used is decided after a proper evaluation of the case [7]. A case of BCLP is presented in which a modified noninvasive appliance was used as a part of presurgical orthopedics for the retraction of premaxilla.

Case Report

A 19 months old boy was referred from oral and maxillofacial surgery with complete bilateral cleft lip and palate and markedly protruded premaxilla. Orofacial examination revealed a non-syndromic BCLP (Veau Classification, type IV) with protruded premaxilla [Fig.1]. Intra-oral examination revealed primary teeth 51, 61, 54, 64 in maxilla and 71, 81, 72, 82, 74, 84 in mandible. There was sufficient space to retract the premaxillary segment; therefore, it was decided to use a modified premaxillary repositioning appliance. We planned for preliminary impression under general anesthesia with elastomeric impression material. The appliance design consists of three acrylic parts, premaxillary acrylic cap with bilateral stainless steel hooks in the most lateral aspect, directed mesially and two palatal acrylic shelves with hooks of 20 guage stainless steel wire were placed in deciduous canine region and were attached by coffin spring [Fig.2(A)]. The appliance was designed to have retentive clasp around two primary incisors and two first primary molars for added retention. Unitek™ TAD Constant Force Coil Spring 3 mm, light Force (150 g) on right side and 6 mm, medium force (200 g) on left side were secured to hooks for retraction of premaxilla. The appliance is cemented to the premaxilla and palatal shelves [Fig.2(B)].  Immediately an elastic strap was placed to augment the retraction of the displaced premaxillary segment and corresponding soft tissue i.e. prolabium [Fig.2(C)]. The NiTi springs were left for one month after which they are replaced with continuous e-chain which was renewed every week.


    Within the treatment period the oral hygiene was maintained by in-office irrigation and parental oral hygiene instructions. The whole procedure was carried out for two months [Fig.3], after which cheiloplasty was done. The appliance was removed and post-operative impressions were taken. Measurements on the pretreatment and post-treatment casts are mentioned in Table 1 [Fig.4].


    The child gained normal weight and the parents were highly satisfied with improved facial appearance. The patient was followed for six months for positional changes in premaxilla [Fig.5].


Discussion

Complete BCLP is the most severe form of the orofacial cleft subtypes with great variations in cleft anatomy. As described by Hodgkinson et al. (1986) the premaxilla and prolabial segment can either be protruded or rotated up under the nose or may appear to be missing [8]. Traditional method of treating these bilateral clefts was either by lip closure under tension, or a lip adhesion procedure followed by definitive lip repair and bone grafting for palatal defect. The use of maxillary orthopedics when compared to traditional methods undoubtedly brings the lip segments and maxillary arches to a proper anatomical alignment thus providing the ease in lip repair and periosteoplasty [9]. The guiding principle of PNAM is that the high level of estrogen at the time of birth correlates with the increased hyaluronic acid, which inhibits the linking of the cartilage intercellular matrix making newborns alar cartilage soft and plastic which can be manipulated with application of low grade constant forces [10-13]. Advantages for PSIO are considered including reduced complexity of future surgery, lesser scar, improved feeding, less need to secondary bone graft and improved speech [3]. Ross and Mc Namera (1994) described one possible benefit of presurgical infant orthopedics: if the maxillary segments are repositioned so that the lip segments are in closer apposition, then the lip surgery should be easier, enabling a more precise repair with less tension [14]. Though the age of the child is 19 months old we still planned for retraction of premaxilla in this particular case for enhanced esthetics and ease in surgical correction. Accordingly a modified appliance with basic principles of design similar to Latham’s appliance was fabricated. The advantages of this noninvasive appliance over Latham’s appliance are mentioned in Table 2.


    In BCLA patients, the palatal segment alignment and width is normal therefore palatal expansion as in Latham appliance causing distal repositioning of the premaxilla may induce a transverse maxillomandibular discrepancy [15]. As PNAM was performed late at 19 months, appliance fit was harmonious with alveolar process and direction of pull is well controlled with NiTi springs preventing excessive tipping of premaxilla. Nickel-titanium (NiTi) closed-coil springs were used in appliance because of its super elastic (SE) advantage - in comparison with steel springs, elastic chains or intraoral elastics, delivers nearly constant force in a wide deformation range and significant lower force degradation over time occurs for the constant extension than at conventional materials. These constant NiTi springs force is biologically acceptable than the intermittent high force delivery of the elastic modules [16].

    Thus, the facilitation of lip and premaxilla reconstruction in difficult case makes presurgical orthopedics a productive technique because of reduced tension at the suture line and less need for soft tissue manipulation and thus eliminating the necessity for additional lip adhesion surgery and better augmentation of esthetics.

Conclusion

The case presented though not considered as ideal case of presurgical nasoalveolar molding was successfully managed with an appliance which is inexpensive, easy to fabricate, not requiring complicated laboratory techniques. Hence small amount time spent can do miracles in the long run was evident in this case.

References

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